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What does puddling refer to in soil science?

1. Deterioration of soil from contamination

2. Improved drainage due to soil structure

3. Deterioration of the physical structure of surface soil

4. Waterlogging of the soil surface

The correct answer is: Deterioration of the physical structure of surface soil

Puddling in soil science specifically refers to the deterioration of the physical structure of surface soil, usually as a result of excessive tillage or water saturation. This process can compact the soil particles and create a dense layer that inhibits air and water movement, resulting in poor drainage and root growth. When soil is puddled, it becomes cloddy, reducing its ability to absorb water effectively. This transformation can hinder plant health and soil productivity. Understanding this concept is crucial for managing soil health and implementing effective agricultural practices.